UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


FUMIGATION  STUDIES  No.  5 


DOSAGE  TABLES 


By  C.  W.  WOOD  WORTH 


BULLETIN  No.  220 

(Berkeley,  Cal.,  July,  1911) 


SACRAMENTO 

W.    W.    SHANNON  ....  SUPERINTENDENT   STATE   PRINTING 

1911 


Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF. 

E.  J.  Wickson,  M.A.,  Director  and  Horticulturist. 

E.  W.  Hilgard,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Chemist  (Emeritus). 

W.  A.  Setchell,  Ph.D.,  Botanist. 

Leroy  Anderson,  Ph.D.,  Dairy  Industry  and  Superintendent  University  Farm  Schools 

M.  E.  Jaffa,  M.S.,  Nutrition  Expert. 

R.  H.  Loughridge,  Ph.D.,  Soil  Chemist  and  Physicist  (Emeritus). 

C.  W.  Wood  worth,  M.S.,  Entomologist. 

Ralph  E.  Smith,  B.S.,  Plant  Pathologist  and  Superintendent  of  Southern  California 

Pathological  Laboratory  and  Experiment  Station. 
G.  W.  Shaw,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Experimental  Agronomist  and  Agricultural  Technologist,  in 

charge  of  Cereal  Stations. 

E.  W.  Major,  B.Agr.,  Animal  Industry. 

B.  A.  Etcheverry,  B.S.,  Irrigation  Expert. 

F.  T.  Bioletti,  B.S.,  Viticulturist. 

TV.  T.  Clarke,  B.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist  and  Superintendent  of  University  Exten- 
sion in  Agriculture. 

John  S.  Burd,  B.S.,  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Fertilizer  Control. 

J.  E.  Coit,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Pomologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

George  E.  Colby,  M.S.,  Chemist  (Fruits,  Waters, 'and  Insecticides),  in  charge  of 
Chemical  Laboratory. 

H.  J.  Quayle,  M.S.,  Assistant  Entomologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

H.  M.  Hall,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

C.  M.  Haring,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 
E.  B.  Babcock,  B.S.,  Assistant  Agricultural  Education. 

W.  B.  Herms,  M.A.,  Assistant  Entomologist. 

J.  H.  Norton,  M.S.,  Assistant  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Citrus  Experiment  Station,  River- 
side. 
TV.  T.  Horne,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 
C.  B.  Lipman,  Ph.D.,  Soil  Chemist  and  Bacteriologist. 
R.  E.  Mansell,  Assistant  Horticulturist,  in  charge  of  Central  Station  grounds. 

A.  J.  Gaumnitz,  Assistant  Agronomist,  University  Farm,  Davis. 
N.  D.  Ingham,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Sylviculture,  Santa  Monica. 

T.  F.  Hunt,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

P.  L.  McCreary,  B.S.,  Chemist  in  Fertilizer  Control. 

E.  H.  Hagemann,  Assistant  in  Dairying,  Davis. 

R.  M.  Roberts,  Farm  Manager,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

B.  S.  Brown,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  Horticulturist,  University  Farm,  Davis. 
J.  I.  Thompson,  B.S.,  Assistant  Animal  Industry,  Davis. 

J.  C.  Bridwell,  B.S.,  Assistant  Entomologist. 

P.  L.  Hibbard,  B.S.,  Assistant  Fertilizer  Control  Laboratory. 

L.  Bonnet,  Assistant  Viticulturist. 

F.  E.  Johnson,  B.L.,  M.S.,  Assistant  Soil  Chemist. 

C.  H.  McCharles,  M.S.,  Assistant  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 

B.  A.  Madson,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  Experimental  Agronomist. 
Howard  Phillips,  B.S.,  Assistant  Animal  Industry,  Davis. 

Walter  E.  Packard,  M.S.,  Field  Assistant  Imperial  Valley  Investigation,  El  Centre 
L.  M.  Davis,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Dairy  Husbandry,  University  Farm,  Davis. 
S.  S.  Rogers,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 
H.  A.  Ruehe,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  in  Dairy  Husbandry,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

C.  O.  Smith,  M.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 
F.  C.  H.  Flossfeder,  Assistant  in  Viticulture,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

E.  H.  Smith,  M.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

S.  D.  Wilkins,  Assistant  in  Poultry  Husbandry,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

C.  L.  Roadhouse,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  in  Veterinary  Science. 

F.  M.  Hayes,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  Veterinarian. 

M.  E.  Stover,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 

W.  H.  Volck,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology,  Watsonville. 

E.  L.  Morris,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology,  San  Jose. 

E.  E.  Thomas,  B.S.,  Assistant  Chemist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

A.  B.  Shaw,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 

G.  P.  Gray,  M.S.,  Chemist  in  Insecticides. 

H.   D.   Young,   B.S.,   Assistant   in  Agricultural   Chemistry,    Plant   Disease   Laboratory, 

Whittier. 
A.  R.  Tylor,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Plant  Pathology,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 
E.  W.  Rust,  A.B.,  Assistant  in  Entomology,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 
L.  T.  Sharp,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Soils. 
W.  W.  Cruess,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Zymology. 
J.  F.  Mitchell,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  in  Veterinary  Laboratory. 
J.  C.  Roper,  Patron,  University  Forestry  Station,  Chico. 
E.  C.  Miller,  Foreman,  Forestry  Station,  Chico. 

D.  L.  Bunnell,  Secretary  to  Director. 


FUMIGATION  STUDIES  No.  5. 


DOSAGE  TABLES. 


By  C.  W.  Woodwobth. 

The  study  of  the  leakage  of  fumigation  tents  has  now  reached  the 
point  where  it  becomes  possible  to  present  tables  of  dosage  so  calculated 
that  there  may  be  approximately  equal  killing  power  under  tents  of 
varying  degrees  of  leakage. 

A  recent  publication1  states  "Most  of  the  ducks  and  drills  now  used 
in  California  are  about  equally  gas-tight,"  but  actual  measurements 
of  the  leakage  of  the  fumigation  tents  operating  in  the  orchards  in 
Orange  and  Los  Angeles  counties  have  shown  wide  variation  in  this 
respect  and  the  same  tent  is  much  tighter  moist  nights  than  on  dry 
nights,  indeed,  practical  fumigators  have  long  realized  that  it  was 
impossible  to  secure  a  good  killing  of  scale  on  dry  nights. 

If  it  were  possible  to  figure  on  the  tent  always  maintaining  the  same 
degree  of  leakage,  a  single  dosage  schedule  would  be  sufficient,  though 
different  tents  might  not  require  the  same  schedule.  The  fact  is,  how- 
ever, that  variation  in  leakage  proves  to  be  the  most  important  factor 
to  be  considered,  and  as  long  as  it  is  neglected  will  result  in  errors  in 
dosage  several  times  greater  than  those  that  are  liable  to  occur  through 
mistakes  in  guessing  the  size  of  a  tree,  which  heretofore  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  most  important  cause  of  irregularity  in  results  secured. 

Only  the  very  wide  margin  of  safety,  permitting  the  use  of  gas  very 
much  stronger  than  necessary  to  kill  the  scale  insect,  has  enabled 
fumigators  to  obtain  fairly  uniform  results,  notwithstanding  the  varia- 
tion in  loss  of  gas  through  the  tent.  When  trees  are  dosed  according 
to  leakage  it  will  probably  be  found  safe  to  materially  economize  in  the 
amount  of  chemicals  used.  In  these  tables,  however,  the  full  strength 
of  chemicals  now  commonly  used  is  indicated,  since  there  must  be  con- 
siderable more  data  secured  before  it  will  be  safe  to  recommend  a  mate- 
rial reduction.  The  use  of  these  tables,  therefore,  simply  insures  greater 
uniformity  in  results. 

The  true  basis  for  any  system  of  dosage  is  the  volume  of  the  spaces 
enclosed  by  the  tent,  that  is,  the  cubic  contents.     All  the  older  tables 


The  early  studies  of  this  series  are  as  follows : 

1.  Bulletin    122,   Orchard   Fumigation. 

2.  Bulletin  152,  Fumigation  Dosage,  1903. 

3.  Circular   11,   Fumigation  Practice,    1904. 

4.  Circular   50,   Fumigation   Scheduling,    1910. 

bulletin   90,  U.   S.  Division  of  Entomology,   "Fumigation  of  Citrus  Trees,"   R.   S. 
Woglum,  p.   53. 


Z  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

of  dosage2  are  based  solely  upon  the  volume.  Eight  years  ago  we  sug- 
gested (Bulletin  152)  the  use  of  the  surface  area  of  the  tent  as  a  basis 
for  dosage,  showing  that  this  corresponds  very  much  nearer  with  the 
actual  practice  of  fumigators.  It  was  understood  at  the  time  that 
such  a  calculation  was  fundamentally  wrong,  but  since  the  data  was  not 
at  hand  for  determining  the  leakage  factor ;  that  is,  the  amount  the  dose 
must  be  increased  to  allow  for  the  leakage,  it  was  suggested  as  a  rough 
approximation. 

The  area  basis  has  been  adopted  by  all  subsequent  writers  on  fumiga- 
tion and  has  been  generally  supposed  to  correctly  allow  for  leakage3.  If 
this  were  true  differences  of  leakage  could  be  provided  for  by  simply 
making  a  proportionate  increase  or  decrease  of  dose.  On  a  volume 
basis  one  tent  twice  as  large  in  each  dimension  as  another  would  require 
eight  times  the  dose,  while  on  an  area  basis  it  would  require  only  four 
times.  Now  any  amount  of  proportionate  increase  of  dose  for  a  tighter 
tent  would  still  retain  the  ratio  1  to  4  instead  of  approaching  1  to  8,  as 
it  should. 

From  these  considerations  one  will  readily  appreciate  that  an  area 
basis  of  calculation  will  not  produce  an  accurate  table  of  dosage  for  any 
degree  of  leakage  whatever,  and  can  be  an  approximation  for  only  one 
definite  degree  of  leakage. 

The  full  explanation  of  the  method  of  calculation  of  the  leakage  factor 
and  the  detail  of  the  experiments,  upon  which  it  is  based  will  be  given 
in  another  bulletin.  For  the  present  purpose  it  will  only  be  necessary 
to  explain  enough  to  permit  intelligent  use  of  the  tables. 

LEAKAGE. 

In  the  experimental  work  the  tents  were  tested  double  thick,  that  is, 
a  fold  of  the  cloth  was  placed  in  the  apparatus.  The  reason  for  this 
was  that  by  doing  so  a  test  could  be  made  at  any  point  over  the  surface 
as  easily  as  at  the  edge.  The  average  of  over  5,000  determinations  of 
the  leakage  of  tents  in  operation  was,  when  calculated  for  a  single  thick- 
ness of  the  cloth,  approximately  .25  per  cent.  With  this  leakage  the  gas 
will  escape  through  a  square  foot  of  the  average  tent  material  at  the 
same  rate  it  would  through  a  hole  about  -J  of  a  square  inch  in  size.  Some 
tents  were  found  in  operation  with  more  than  twice  this  leakage  and 
others  were  less  than  half  as  leaky.  The  common  range  was  from  .10  to 
.40  per  cent.     The  tables  below  have  been  calculated  for  .10  per  cent, 

*Morse,  Bulletin  71,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Station,   1887. 

Coquillett,  Report  for  1887,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.  pp.  123-142,   1888. 

Coquillett,  Insect  Life,  Vol.  II,  pp.  202-207,  1889. 

Wood  worth,   Bulletin  115,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Station,   1896. 

Johnson,  Bulletin   57,  Maryland  Agr.  Exp.   Station,  pp.   72-95,   1898. 

Woodworth,   Bulletin   122,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.   Station,   1899. 

•Woglum,  Bulletin  79,  U.  S.  Division  of  Entomology,  1909,  p.  47,  determined 
"leakage  surface"  by  dividing  the  area  by  the  volume  and  the  dose  by  multiplying 
this  by  the  volume ;  the  product  is,  of  course,  only  the  area. 


Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  3 

.15  per  cent,  .20  per  cent,  .25  per  cent,  .30  per  cent,  .35  per  cent,  and 
.40  per  cent,  and  the  leakage  meters  designated  for  determining  the 
leakage  are  graduated  into  these  degrees.  A  full  account  of  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  leakage  meters  is  given  in  another  bulletin. 

The  determination  of  the  leakage  of  the  tent  must  come  to  be  a  very- 
important  part  of  the  process  of  fumigation.  There  seems  to  be  no  way 
of  estimating  the  leakage  with  sufficient  accuracy  except  by  actually 
measuring  it.  We  may  know  that  one  tent  is  tighter  than  another,  and 
that  any  tent  holds  the  gas  best  when  the  air  is  damp,  but  the  only  way 
to  make  full  use  of  this  knowledge  is  to  have  it  in  a  definite  form  so  as 
to  choose  the  correct  system  of  dosage.  With  the  new  apparatus  now 
available  the  measuring  of  leakage  is  a  very  simple  and  rapid  process, 
and  there  is  no  reason  why  every  fumigating  outfit  should  not  be  pro- 
vided with  a  leakage  meter. 

A  result  sure  to  follow  the  adoption  of  the  rational  basis  for  dosage 
now  advocated  will  be  the  elimination  of  the  more  leaky  tents.  Such 
tents  will  either  be  made  tight  by  treatment  or  discarded  altogether, 
because  the  doses  by  this  system  will  be  so  large  that  the  economy  of 
so  doing  will  be  very  evident. 

In  the  selection  of  new  tents  the  saving  that  will  follow  the  adoption 
of  the  tighter  material  will  be  capable  of  being  accurately  estimated 
and  the  question  of  its  economy  readily  determined. 

THE  DOSE. 

After  measuring  the  leakage  of  the  tent,  the  next  question  will  be 
determining  the  dose  which  will  correspond  with  the  degree  of  leakage. 
Evidently  there  are  three  factors  in  this  problem.  First,  the  insect  to 
be  killed ;  second,  the  size  of  the  tent,  and  third,  the  leakage  of  the  tent. 

The  insect,  as  far  as  our  present  knowledge  goes,  has  a  constant  effect 
on  the  dose,  that  is,  if  the  dose  is  determined  for  the  purple  scale,  that 
for  the  black  scale  is  always  a  certain  fraction  of  the  purple  scale  dose. 
This  relationship  has  never  been  accurately  tested  out,  but  is  probably 
true,  and  has  been  uniformly  accepted  as  true  by  all  who  have  had  to  do 
with  fumigation.  In  the  tables  given  below  the  relationship  assumed  as 
the  correct  ratio  of  dosage  for  the  black,  red  and  purple  scales,  respec- 
tively, is  4:5f  :7£. 

The  size  of  the  tree,  as  pointed  out  above,  affects  the  dosage  differently 
according  to  the  leakage.  With  an  absolutely  tight  tent  the  dose  should 
correspond  strictly  with  the  size,  but  as  tents  average  in  the  field,  the 
universal  practice  is  to  vary  the  dose  very  much  less  rapidly  than  the 
size  or  volume  basis  of  calculation  would  provide.  This  factor  is,  there- 
fore, incapable  of  adequate  treatment  without  a  knowledge  of  the  leak- 
age. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


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Fig.  1. — Fumi- 
gator's  rule, 
leakage 
basis. 


The  determination  of  the  size  is  very  fully  discussed  in 
Circular  50  and  a  new  rapid  method  described  below. 

The  leakage  is  very  easily  determined,  but  to  determine 
its  relationship  to  the  dose  requires  a  very  complicated 
mathematical  formula.  This  much,  however,  can  be 
readily  appreciated,  that  given  trees  of  equal  leakage  and 
different  size  will  differ  in  dose,  and  if  equal  in  size  but 
different  in  leakage  they  also  differ  in  dose,  it  is  evident 
that  the  same  dose  may  apply  to  two  trees  of  different  sizes, 
provided  they  have  a  certain  definite  difference  of  leakage. 

FUMIGATION  RULE. 

The  impossibility  of  briefly  describing  the  effect  of  the 
leakage  upon  the  dose  is  shown  by  Fig.  1,  where  the  doses 
corresponding  with  trees  of  different  sizes  and  with  differ- 
ent degrees  of  leakage  are  given. 

The  effect  of  the  leakage  upon  the  dose  in  the  case  of 
any  particular  size  is  shown  by  the  numbers  read  crosswise 
of  the  rule.  The  smaller  the  tree  the  greater  the  effect  of 
the  leakage  upon  the  dose.  This  is  due  to  the  larger 
amount  of  leakage  surface  as  compared  with  the  volume 
enclosed  by  the  tent. 

The  effect  of  the  size  on  the  dose  is  shown  by  following 
the  lines  of  figures  lengthwise  along  the  rule.  The  greater 
the  leakage  the  less  the  effect  of  the  size  of  the  dose,  since 
a  decrease  in  size  is  affected  by  the  increase  in  amount  of 
leakage  due  to  the  larger  relative  leakage  surface  in  the 
case  of  small  trees. 

By  the  use  of  this  rule  one  may  read  the  dose  for  black 
scale  corresponding  with  any  size  and  leakage.  By  increas- 
ing it  in  the  proportion  of  4 :  5f  one  obtains  the  dose  for 
red  scale  and  by  the  ratio  of  4 :  1\  that  for  purple. 

The  doses  given  on  the  rule  are  for  the  common  average 
shaped  trees  in  which  height  and  width  are  equal  and 
these  dimensions  may  be  read  on  the  scale  marked  ' '  diam- 
eter." To  obtain  the  dose  for  trees  of  a  different  shape 
than  this  find  both  dimensions  on  this  scale  and  the  correct 
dose  will  be  found  at  a  point  about  two  fifths  way  from 
the  diameter  towards  the  height.  Or  find  the  diameter 
and  increase  or  decrease  by  an  amount  equal  to  two  fifths 
of  the  difference  between  the  two  dimensions.  Opposite 
this  point  on  the  scale  will  be  found  the  dosage. 

If  one  has  the  dimensions  of  a  tree  in  circumference  and 
distance  around,  the  rule  is  not  as  convenient  as  the  tables 


Bulletin  220] 


DOSAGE  TABLES. 


that  follow,  but  it  is  still  possible  to  read  the  dose  by  noting  the  diameter 
on  one  edge  of  the  rule  which  corresponds  with  the  given  circumference 
on  the  other,  increasing  this  one  fifteenth  and  then  decreasing  by  an 
amount  equal  to  one  fifth  the  number  of  feet  in  the  difference  between 
the  two  measurements,  circumference  and  distance  over. 

This  rule  contains  the  complete  system  of  dosage  based  on  leakage, 
and  besides,  may  be  used  as  a  measure  for  trees  according  to  the  method 
given  on  the  concluding  pages  of  this  bulletin. 


THE  MINIMUM  DOSE. 

This  rule  shows  a  fact  not  hitherto  noted,  that  there  is  a  point  for 
each  degree  of  leakage  where  the  tree  requires  a  minimum  dose.  With 
no  leakage  the  minimum  point  is  approximately  at  zero,  and  as  the 
leakage  increases  so  does  the  minimum  dose  till,  as  shown  on  the  rule, 
8  ounces  is  the  least  amount  that  will  do  effective  work  with  .40  per  cent 
leakage,  which  is  the  dose  for  a  seven  and  a  half  foot  tree.  Smaller 
trees  would  require  more  cyanide,  so  much,  indeed,  that  the  danger  to 
foliage  would  probably  render  the  method  impractical.  The  reason  for 
increase  of  dose  for  smaller  trees  is  the  fact  that  the  leakage  surface  is 
so  large  relatively  to  the  volume  of  gas  contained  within  the  tent  in  such 
cases,  that  the  percentage  of  gas  present  drops  very  rapidly,  and  must 
be  made  very  strong  in  order  that  enough  remain  to  the  end  of  the 
killing  period  to  insure  the  death  of  the  insects  treated.  It  is  probably 
not  wise  to  attempt  to  use  a  tent  for  a  tree  much  smaller  than  indicated 
on  the  rule.     The  theoretical  minima  are  as  follows : 


Leakage. 


Minimum 
size  of  tree. 


Dose. 


Black  Scale. 


Red  Scale. 

* 

ounce. 

ounce. 

H 

ounces. 

3 

ounces. 

5 

ounces. 

8 

ounces. 

12 

ounces. 

Purple. 


.10  per  cent 
.15  per  cent 
.20  per  cent 
.25  per  cent 
.30  per  cent 
.35  per  cent 
.40  per  cent 


|  ounce. 
|  ounce. 

1  ounce. 

2  ounces. 
Sh  ounces. 
54  ounces. 
8"  ounces. 


£  ounce. 

1  ounce. 

2  ounces. 
4  ounces. 
7  ounces. 

1L  ounces. 

15  ounces. 


LEAKAGE  BASIS  AND  ACTUAL  PRACTICE. 

The  dosage  system  calculated  on  the  leakage  basis  must  be  shown  to 
accord  with  the  dosages  given  by  practical  fumigators  in  order  to  be 
accepted  with  any  degree  of  confidence,  since  on  the  whole  the  results  of 
their  work  has  been  very  satisfactory.  For  this  purpose  the  dosage 
scheme  for  the  twenty-six  fumigators,  as  presented  in  Bulletin  152, 


b  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

have  been  compared  with  the  tables  given  below  with  the  following 

results : 

.40  per  cent none 

.35  per  cent 3 

.30  per  cent 5 

.25  per  cent 7 

.20  per  cent 8 

.15  per   cent 3 

.10  per  cent none 

In  the  above  table  each  fumigator  is  placed  in  the  class  corresponding 
most  closely  with  the  record  we  have  of  his  actual  work. 

Classifying,  again,  the  same  26  fumigators  according  to  the  size  of 
dose,  which  is  quite  a  different  thing  from  the  rate  of  increase  of  size 
shown  in  the  table  above,  we  have 

Above    5 

Purple  scale  dose 1 

Red  scale  dose 10 

Black  scale  dose 5 

Below . 5 

In  both  these  particulars  the  leakage  basis  is  thus  seen  to  be  in 
remarkable  agreement  with  the  practice  of  fumigators,  simply  supplying 

the  means  of  determining  when  the 
system  of  one  fumigator  is  to  be  fol- 
lowed and  when  that  of  another. 

SCHEDULING  CHARTS. 


The  study  upon  which  this  bul- 
letin is  based  was  undertaken  largely 
in  fulfilment  of  a  promise  made  in 
Circular   50,   where   it  was  pointed 
out  that  while  differences  of  leakage 
required  the  use  of  different  bases 
of  calculation  it  was  impossible  to 
specify  what  chart  to  use  in  any  par- 
ticular case.     We  are  now  able  to 
give  this  very  necessary  information, 
and  we,  therefore,  reproduce  the  two 
charts  which  give  approximately  cor- 
rect dosage  for  the  average  tent  and  for  those  better  than  the  average. 
The  directions  accompanying  the  charts  are  revised  to  include  these 
determinations,  as  follows: 


Fig. 


2. — Method  of  scheduling  with 
a  chart. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  USING  THE  SCHEDULING  CHARTS. 

To  use  these  charts  one  should  first  determine  the  dose  for  the  average 
sized  tree  in  the  orchard  to  be  scheduled  by  means  of  the  fumigator 's 
rule,  after  determining  the  leakage  with  a  leakage  meter. 


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Scheduled                     191     by                                       FUMIGATOR'S  SCHEDULING  CHART.                                                  des,gNed  Bv  c.  w.  woodworth. 
Dose  for  10  foot  tree               ounces.    Agricultural  Experiment  Station  — University  of  California.                                            AREA    BASIS. 

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Scheduled  191      by  FUMIGATOR'S  SCHEDULING  CHABT. 

Dose  for  10  foot  tree ounces.    Agricultural  Experiment  Station  — University  of  California. 


DESIGNED    BV    C.    W.    WOODWORTH. 

VOLUME   BASIS. 


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Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  7 

The  charts  provide  for  leakages  from  0  to  .25  per  cent,  as  follows : 

Leakage. 

0 Heavy  lines  on  volume  chart. 

.05% Light  lines  on  volume  chart. 

.10% Dotted  lines  on  volume  chart. 

.15% Dotted  lines  on  area  chart. 

.20% Light  lines  on  area  chart. 

.25% Heavy  lines  on  area  chart. 

For  tents  with  greater  leakage  or  for  trees  either  very  large  or  very 
small,  use  the  rule  instead  of  the  charts  for  determining  dosage. 
The  method  of  using  the  chart  is  as  follows : 

First — Place  this  chart  in  a  holder  provided  with  a  loop  of  flat  wire.  This  should 
project  from  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  the  chart  and  extend  exactly  14f  inches. 

Second — In  using  the  chart  one  should  always  stand  at  a  uniform  distance  from 
the  tree  to  be  measured.  In  most  cases  the  most  convenient  point  is  midway  between 
four  trees  (or  between  three  trees  in  case  the  orchard  is  planted  in  oblique  rows)  ;  by 
looking  down  between  the  rows  of  trees  one  can  locate  oneself  quite  accurately.  Do 
not  attempt  to  measure  the  nearest  trees,  but  those  just  beyond.  This  will  make  the 
distance  between  thirty  and  forty  feet,  according  to  the  way  the  trees  are  planted. 

Third — The  distance  between  the  chart  and  the  eye  must  also  be  maintained  con- 
stant Before  beginning  to  schedule  an  orchard,  fasten  a  light  flexible  wire  around 
the  hatband,  allowing  the  end  to  project  forward  8  or  10  inches,  then  standing  oppo- 
site an  average  tree  at  the  distance  which  you  find  best  to  measure  the  tree,  move  the 
slide  and  slip  the  flat  wire  loop  till  the  end  of  the  wire  touches  the  dose  line  at  the 
dose  determined  for  the  size  and  leakage  by  means  of  the  rule.  Then  move  the  chart 
to  or  from  the  face  till  the  distance  across  the  loop  corresponds  with  the  size  of  the 
tree.  Now  bend  the  end  of  the  wire  around  the  hatband  into  a  hook  into  which  the 
flat  wire  loop  will  lie,  holding  it  at  the  desired  distance. 

Fourth — Having  thus  adjusted  the  apparatus,  one  can  proceed  to  measure  the 
trees  by  moving  the  slide  and  slipping  the  wire  loop  until  the  outline  of  the  tree 
exactly  corresponds  with  the  loop  (the  fringe  of  slender  twigs  are  disregarded  in  day 
scheduling,  since  these  will  always  be  bent  down  by  the  tent).  See  that  the  wire 
lies  straight  across  the  chart,  and  where  the  end  of  the  wire  comes  one  may  read  off 
at  once  the  proper  dose ;  and  should  write  the  amount  in  the  appropriate  square. 
One  may  readily  schedule  four  rows  of  trees  at  a  time  by  this  method  for  daytime 
work. 

Fifth — When  scheduling  very  large  trees  adjust  the  apparatus  for  half  the  dose 
desired  and  double  all  readings.  By  having  hooks  at  each  end  of  the  wire  around 
the  hatband  one  hook  may  be  set  for  ordinary  sized  trees  and  the  other  for  large 
trees  when  extremes  occur  in  the  same  orchard. 

Sixth — Where  one  desires  extreme  accuracy  in  measuring,  attach  the  transparent 
diagram  described  in  the  same  bulletin  and  use  a  specially  graduated  tape,  instead  of 
the  wire  loop  and  graduations  on  the  chart,  for  determining  the  dose.  With  the  aid 
of  a  boy  to  handle  one  end  of  the  tape,  two  rows  may  be  scheduled  about  as  rapidly 
as  four  rows  by  the  former  method. 

Seventh — This  chart  may  be  also  used  for  calculating  the  dose  when  direct  meas- 
urements are  made  if  one  first  graduates  an  oblique  line  to  correspond  with  dimen- 
sions. Hold  a  card  square  with  the  sides  of  the  diagram  and  in  such  a  position  that 
the  two  dimensions  are  indicated  by  the  adjacent  edges  of  the  card  and  the  corner 
between  will  indicate  the  dose.  This  will  give  determinations  accurate  to  a  small 
fraction  of  an  ounce. 

Note  (a). — Some  fumigators  increase  or  decrease  the  dose  a  half  ounce  or  more 
for  badly  infested  trees,  for  especially  dense  trees,  or  for  irregularly  shaped  trees. 
Where  this  is  done  it  may  be  indicated  on  the  chart  by  placing  a  dot  in  a  corner  of 
the  appropriate  square.  If  the  dose  is  increased,  put  the  dot  in  an  upper  corner ;  if 
reduced,  below ;  and  if  on  account  of  the  character  of  the  tree  place  the  dot  to  the 
left ;  if  because  of  the  abundance  of  the  scale  place  it  in  one  of  the  right-hand 
corners. 


8  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

DIRECT  MEASUREMENTS. 

Many  may  prefer  to  use  direct  measurements  for  determining  the 
size.  The  most  accurate  method  of  measuring  is  to  determine  the  dis- 
tance around  the  tent  or  circumference,  and  the  distance  over  the  top. 
This  plan  was  first  suggested  in  1899  in  Bulletin  122  of  this  Station,  and 
a  dosage  table  based  on  volume  was  presented  for  use  with  such  measure- 
ments. The  data  secured  for  Bulletin  152  was  obtained  by  the  use  of 
such  measurements.  This  method  of  measuring  is  now  largely  known  as 
the  Morrill  or  Woglum  system,  since  these  two  investigators  have  par- 
ticularly urged  its  adoption.  The  most  convenient  plan  is  to  mark  the 
tents  so  as  to  readily  determine  the  distance  over  the  top  and  use  a  tape 
line  around  the  side  for  the  circumference. 

Such  measurements  give  the  dimensions  very  accurately,  but  must  be 
used  with  properly  calculated  tables  or  the  dose  may  be  far  from  correct. 
The  original  table  published  in  Bulletin  122  is  accurate  only  for  tents 
without  leakage.  No  such  tents  are  in  use,  but  if  such  tents  were  pro- 
vided the  dose  would  be  much  stronger  than  necessary.  The  marking 
suggested  in  Bulletin  152  and  the  tables  given  by  Morrill,  Woglum,  and 
Quayle  are  all  based  on  area  and  are  approximately  right  for  a  .25  per 
cent  leakage,  except  at  the  two  extremes,  where  they  are  all  defective, 
particularly  at  the  lower  end  and  where  the  dose  is  only  half  large 
enough  as  compared  with  the  center  of  the  table.  For  any  other  degree 
of  leakage  they  are  incorrect  throughout,  though  the  dose  recommended 
is  high  enough  to  be  effective  in  most  cases,  notwithstanding  the  inaccu- 
racy of  the  tables. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  NEW  TABLES. 

The  tables  given  below  are  arranged  in  a  new  form  which  will  be 
found  very  convenient  in  practice.  In  each  table  at  the  top  is  given  the 
dosage,  below  the  corresponding  dimensions. 

The  dosage  is  given  for  all  the  ingredients  instead  of  only  for  the 
cyanide  as  has  been  the  practice  in  all  tables  heretofore  offered.  This 
will  avoid  the  error  that  sometimes  results  from  the  mental  calculation 
heretofore  required  to  determine  the  amount  of  water  (or  acid  in  the 
case  of  sodium  cyanide)  to  use.  The  amounts  given  are  simply  3,  2 J,  2, 
and  1£  times  the  cyanide  dose.  The  formula  recommended  for  sodium 
cyanide  is  l-§-l£,  that  is,  1  ounce  of  the  acid,  §  of  an  ounce  of  the 
cyanide  to  1J  ounces  of  water.  The  formula  longest  used  for  potassium 
cyanide  is  1-1-2.  If  accurately  measured  this  is  sufficient  water  to  keep 
the  all-acid  sulfate  formed  in  solution.  When  the  water  is  slightly  less 
than  this  amount  or  the  acid  slightly  more  there  is  danger  of  the 
crystallization  of  the  salt  and  the  generator  is  said  to  "freeze."  To 
avoid  this  many  fumi gators  use  1-1-3,  though  with  an  appreciable  loss 
of  gas.    The  use  of  1-1-2 \  gives  ample  water  to  offset  inaccurate  meas- 


Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  9 

urements  and  by  the  use  of  these  tables  is  as  convenient  as  the  former, 
though  it  would  not  be  so  practical  if  it  had  to  be  calculated  mentally. 

The  dimensions  given  at  the  beginning  of  each  line  are  the  circumfer- 
ence, and  when  the  distance  over  is  the  same  as  in  high  trees  the  dose 
will  be  read  in  the  column  above  this  figure.  The  remaining  figures  on 
each  line  represent  the  distance  over  the  tent.  To  obtain  the  dosage  of  a 
tree,  therefore,  first  find  the  circumference  at  the  left  end  of  a  line  and 
follow  along  that  line  till  the  distance  over  is  found,  and  then  follow  up 
the  column  and  read  the  dose. 

If  one  decides  to  use  the  formula  1-1-2^,  a  line  of  red  ink  should  be 
run  through  the  lines  beginning  x3,  x2,  xl^,  and  xf ,  and  if  he  does  not 
wish  to  dose  to  the  half  ounce,  red  ink  may  be  run  through  the  alternate 
columns.  The  use  of  these  red  ink  lines  will  avoid  the  danger  of  using 
the  wrong  figure5?. 

If  the  dimension  is  smaller  than  any  given  in  the  table,  a  tighter  tent 
should  be  used  since  it  has  passed  below  the  point  of  minimum  dose 
described  above  and  effective  treatment  is  not  to  be  expected. 


10 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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DOSAGE  TABLES. 


11 


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12 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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DOSAGE  TABLES. 


13 


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cococococococococococo 


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cococococococococococo 


CD  CD 

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b-  b- 

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UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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cocococococococo 


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vcococococococococococococo 


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Bulletin  220] 


DOSAGE  TABLES. 


15 


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2— bul  220 


16 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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iH(riHHl  dm  iH|J9  Hpl 

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rHr-liM(N<M<M01<M(N<N^«<M(M(M 

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©  fc-  CD  rH     N     CO  <N  CO  CO  CO  rH  rH  JO  JO  lO  CD  CD  t»  h-  b- 

©  00  t-  rH  ^'  CO  rH^HJOJOJO©©b-b-b-0000©©O0 

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MP  hp 

"D  kC  tji  CM  iH  CM  cgCO^tHIOlOCDCOCOt-O^CslC 

r^Hf*  r+3  e*)  Hp 

t~  CO  IO  CO  t-i  CM  I.0l0in00t-Nt-C0(/)0(Z) 

OS  t~  CD  "*<  (M  CO  Ot-t-OOODOOfflOOOOHO 

H  H  H  H  H  H  H  H  (N  CI  C^l  CI  W 

Hp«H<  MP  Hp  Hp 

O00t-Tji  CM  CO  TOCOOQOOOHHMINIMN 

tH  TiHHrlMINNNWNWNN 


-tr. 


WOOOlO  01  ^  OOOHHiMiMMMM'f'*^ 

rH  rH  CMCMO404O4O4O4CM04CMCMCMCM 

Hrir+*  Hp 

CO  rH  OS  CO  CO  rt<  H  CI  M  M  CO  CO  ^  -*  ^  n  w  o  o  © 

rH  rH  CMCMCMCMO1CM04CMCMCM04CM04CM 

Hp  Mp  Hp 

lOMOO  CO  IO  CMCOCOTt<Tt<TfilOlOCDCDCOt-h-CO 

Hp  vJr*         ,-p  MP  Hp 

OMHN  CO  IO  ^T*Tt<lO>OCDCDCDh-h-00G0C0O>© 

rH  tH  H  CM  CM  04  04  CM  <M  CM  CM  04  CM  04  CM  CM  CI  CO 

00  IO  CM  00  ^  CD  lOlOCOCDONt-COCOOOCOOOOO 
04CMCMCMCM04CMCMCMCMOJCMCOCOCO 


HP  Hp 

r}H  CD  COONNhCOOOOQQOOHHlNW 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCO 


Hp  Hp  MP 

Hl-^O           -<*           t-  NC000QOOOOHHWf]flWa5 

CM  rH  rH  CMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 

HpKlHl                                             H|M  +; 

C3         (M  CO  IO  O           IO           t-  OOQOOHHHMlNMCOMTf^'* 

^         CN  r-l  tH  rH  ,<»  CM  CM  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 
>>                                 Mp            HP 

r;         -fOOO           IO           00  vOHHHWiMMCOThTflOIOlOC 

<         (NCNHH                     &  C  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

r  00  rH  01  04C0C0"+ItHtHIO»OC0CDC0 

3  J-OOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


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CNIMHH 

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+*    '  A  5  5 

>-  04  00  CM  gCD  -OS  OMCO^^-fiOlOOOOt-^00 

UJ       MWHH  o  <l>  cococococococococococococO 

CC   «>  04  <N  1-1  rH  °  f8  rocccococococococococococo 

We                 hp  <o  mp  ,^  "o 

Q.    3OI0OM  -a  CD  ^  O  c  lfl  m  o  O  N  N  N  CO  CO  O  C5  O 

O  CO  04  04  rH  •-  c  tH  =  cococococococococococo,tf 

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^                       Hp           Hp  "D    MP  W 

L.         OS  0\  CD  I-  OCO  "SCO  XOOHHHCKMMCOCO 

"^         CO  CO  04  rH  0)  ErHU^^^^^^^^^^ 

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11                                                  rHfcQ  OlitO  C 

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rH  Ol  rf  CM  tH  t-  IOOOHNNCOCO 

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Hp           Hp  Mp 

t-  I-  GO  >0  CM  OS  OOOSOOOO 

IO  Tt<  CO  CNI  iH  tH  tf  ^  ^  io  io  »o 

MP  Hp 

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OlO^CN  rH  CM  io  io  io  >o  io  io> 

Hp  MP 

CD  IO  "1*  OS  rt<  0>4  CO  CO  ~t<  -H  -H 

CD  IO  "*  04  rH  CM  IO  IO  IO  IO  IO 

CM  O  00  CM  CD  rt<  IO  CD  b-  CD 

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CO  CM  CM  rH 
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20 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


04 


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DOSAGE  TABLES. 


21 


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22 


UNIVERSITY   OP   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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Bulletin  220] 


DOSAGE  TABLES. 


23 


COTfC 
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24  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


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Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  31 


NEW  METHOD  Of  MEASURING  TREES. 

The  use  of  tables  of  any  kind  always  introduces  the  possibility  of  an 
error  in  reading  that  it  would  be  very  desirable  to  avoid.  The  fumi- 
gator  's  rule  may  be  used  to  measure  the  tree  and  gives  either  the  dimen- 
sions in  feet  or  indicates  directly  the  dose.  The  method  of  using  the  rule 
for  this  purpose  is  shown  in  figure  3. 

This  figure  is  almost  self-explanatory — one  stands  in  any  position  in 
the  orchard,  preferably  equidistant  from  two  trees,  one  of  which  he 
desires  to  schedule ;  holding  the  rule  in  the  left  hand,  as  shown  in  posi- 
tion A,  bringing  it  towards  the  face  until  the  two  ends  correspond  to  the 
trunks  of  the  two  trees,  then  holding  the  hand  perfectly  steady,  rotate 
the  body  slightly  till  the  rule  is  brought  into  position  B,  then  grasp  it 
with  the  right  hand  in  such  a  way  that  the  thumb  will  mark  off  the 
apparent  diameter  of  the  trees;  then  keeping  the  rule  at  exactly  the 
same  distance  from  the  eye,  turn  the  hand  into  positon  C ;  one  can  read 
at  once  on  the  rule  the  proper  dose  corresponding  with  each  degree  of 
leakage.  In  the  figure  the  circumference  of  the  tree  is  shown  to  be 
46  feet,  the  height  about  13|  feet ;  the  row  of  figures  between  these  two 
points  gives  the  correct  dosage  for  the  different  degrees  of  leakage,  that 
is,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9,  11,  13  ounces,  according  to  the  different  degrees  of 
leakage. 

This  tree,  therefore,  represents  a  seven-ounce  dose  with  average  leak- 
age, but  may  only  need  four  ounces  with  a  tighter  tent,  or  should  receive 
thirteen  ounces  with  the  most  leaky  tent. 

The  dose  is  found  approximately  midway  between  the  two  dimensions, 
or  more  accurately  two  fifths  of  the  way  from  the  diameter  towards  the 
height. 

In  case  the  distance  between  the  trees  is  more  or  less  than  20  feet  the 
length  of  the  rule  should  be  increased  or  decreased  proportionately  since 
this  rule  reads  to  a  20  feet,  as  shown  on  the  scale  on  the  edge  marked 
diameter. 

The  rule  illustrated  is  graduated  for  black  scale,  the  dose  for  purple 
scale  is  approximately  twice  as  large.  We  propose  to  produce  similar 
rules  for  red  and  purple  scale. 

This  method  of  measuring  trees  is  sufficiently  accurate  for  practical 
purposes,  and  is  rapid  and  convenient  and  not  liable  to  the  errors  inci- 
dent to  the  use  of  tables,  and  may  be  found  better  in  practice  than 
previous  methods. 


3— bul  220 


30 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


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Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  31 


NEW  METHOD  OE  MEASURING  TREES. 

The  use  of  tables  of  any  kind  always  introduces  the  possibility  of  an 
error  in  reading  that  it  would  be  very  desirable  to  avoid.  The  fumi- 
gator  's  rule  may  be  used  to  measure  the  tree  and  gives  either  the  dimen- 
sions in  feet  or  indicates  directly  the  dose.  The  method  of  using  the  rule 
for  this  purpose  is  shown  in  figure  3. 

This  figure  is  almost  self-explanatory — one  stands  in  any  position  in 
the  orchard,  preferably  equidistant  from  two  trees,  one  of  which  he 
desires  to  schedule ;  holding  the  rule  in  the  left  hand,  as  shown  in  posi- 
tion A,  bringing  it  towards  the  face  until  the  two  ends  correspond  to  the 
trunks  of  the  two  trees,  then  holding  the  hand  perfectly  steady,  rotate 
the  body  slightly  till  the  rule  is  brought  into  position  B,  then  grasp  it 
with  the  right  hand  in  such  a  way  that  the  thumb  will  mark  off  the 
apparent  diameter  of  the  trees;  then  keeping  the  rule  at  exactly  the 
same  distance  from  the  eye,  turn  the  hand  into  positon  C ;  one  can  read 
at  once  on  the  rule  the  proper  dose  corresponding  with  each  degree  of 
leakage.  In  the  figure  the  circumference  of  the  tree  is  shown  to  be 
46  feet,  the  height  about  13J  feet ;  the  row  of  figures  between  these  two 
points  gives  the  correct  dosage  for  the  different  degrees  of  leakage,  that 
is,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9,  11,  13  ounces,  according  to  the  different  degrees  of 
leakage. 

This  tree,  therefore,  represents  a  seven-ounce  dose  with  average  leak- 
age, but  may  only  need  four  ounces  with  a  tighter  tent,  or  should  receive 
thirteen  ounces  with  the  most  leaky  tent. 

The  dose  is  found  approximately  midway  between  the  two  dimensions, 
or  more  accurately  two  fifths  of  the  way  from  the  diameter  towards  the 
height. 

In  case  the  distance  between  the  trees  is  more  or  less  than  20  feet  the 
length  of  the  rule  should  be  increased  or  decreased  proportionately  since 
this  rule  reads  to  a  20  feet,  as  shown  on  the  scale  on  the  edge  marked 
diameter. 

The  rule  illustrated  is  graduated  for  black  scale,  the  dose  for  purple 
scale  is  approximately  twice  as  large.  We  propose  to  produce  similar 
rules  for  red  and  purple  scale. 

This  method  of  measuring  trees  is  sufficiently  accurate  for  practical 
purposes,  and  is  rapid  and  convenient  and  not  liable  to  the  errors  inci- 
dent to  the  use  of  tables,  and  may  be  found  better  in  practice  than 
previous  methods. 


Bulletin  220]  DOSAGE  TABLES.  33 

RESUME. 

Recent  studies  now  make  possible  the  proper  allowance  in  the  dose  for 
leakage. 

Tents  differ  very  greatly  in  leakage. 

Present  dosage  tables  fundamentally  wrong. 

More  uniformity  and  economy  will  result  from  leakage  determination. 

Excessive  dosage  now  necessary  to  cover  errors  in  the  tables. 

Average  leakage  as  determined  with  doubled  tents  is  .25  per  cent. 

The  common  range  of  leakage  was  found  to  be  from  .10  per  cent  to  .40 
per  cent. 

The  dose  for  black,  red,  and  purple  scale  for  ten-foot  tree  and  with 
tent  having  .25  per  cent  leakage  is  4,  5f ,  and  7  ounces,  respectively. 

The  dose  should  be  always  in  this  proportion. 

Large  size  or  great  leakage  both  require  an  increased  dose. 

The  proper  adjustment  to  leakage  is  a  complicated  problem. 

The  amount  of  increase  given  in  the  form  of  a  rule  showing  the  whole 
dosage  system. 

Small  trees  require  very  tight  tents. 

The  limits  of  effective  fumigation  are  given  for  all  leakages. 

This  system  of  dosage  agrees  with  the  actual  practice  of  fumigators. 

Scheduling  charts  may  be  used  under  this  system. 

The  errors  of  previous  dosage  tables  are  pointed  out  and  a  full  set  of 
new  tables  given. 

Dosage  tables  are  given  for  using  direct  measurements. 

A  new  method  is  presented  which  may  supersede  all  other  methods  of 
estimating  the  dose. 


REPORTS. 

1896.  Report  of  the  Viticultural  Work  during  the  seasons  1887-93,  with  data  regard- 

ing the  Vintages  of  1894-95. 

1897.  Resistant  Vines,  their  Selection,  Adaptation,  and  Grafting.     Appendix  to  Viti- 

cultural Report  for  1896. 

1902.  Report  of  the   Agricultural   Experiment   Station   for   1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1901-03. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-04. 


BULLETINS. 


Reprint. 

No.  128 
and 
133. 

147. 

149. 
151. 
153. 
159. 

162. 

165. 

167. 

168. 

169. 

170. 
171. 

172. 

174. 
176. 

177. 

178. 
179. 

180. 
181. 
182. 


183. 
184. 


185. 


186. 
187. 


188. 


Endurance  of  Drought  in  Soils 
of   the   Arid   Region. 

Nature,  Value,  and  Utilization 
of  Alkali  Lands,  and  Tolerance 
of  Alkali.  (Revised  and  Re- 
print,   1905.) 

Culture  Work  of  the  Sub-sta- 
tions. 

California    Sugar    Industry. 

Arsenical    Insecticides. 

Spraying   with   Distillates. 

Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Fer- 
mentation. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Dec. 
1,    1904.) 

Asparagus  and  Asparagus  Rust 
in   California. 

Manufacture  of  Dry  "Wines  in 
Hot   Countries. 

Observations  on  Some  Vine  Dis- 
eases  in    Sonoma   County. 

Tolerance  of  the  Sugar  Beet  for 
Alkali. 

Studies   in   Grasshopper   Control. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June 
30,    1905.) 

Further  Experience  in  Asparagus 
Rust   Control. 

A  New  Wine-cooling  Machine. 

Sugar  Beets  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley. 

A  New  Method  of  Making  Dry 
Red  Wine. 

Mosquito  Control. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June, 
1906.) 

Resistant  Vineyards. 

The  Selection  of  Seed- Wheat. 

Analysis  of  Paris  Green  and 
Lead  Arsenic.  Proposed  Insec- 
ticide Law. 

The  California  Tussock-moth. 

Report  of  the  Plant  Pathologist 
to  July   1,   1906. 

Report  of  Progress  in  Cereal 
Investigations. 

The  Oidium  of  the  Vine. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Janu- 
ary,  1907.) 

Lining  of  Ditches  and  Reservoirs 
to  Prevent  Seepage  and  Losses. 


No.   189. 

190. 
191. 
192. 

193. 


194. 


195. 
197. 


198. 
199. 
200. 

201. 

202. 

203. 

204. 

205. 

206. 

207. 

208. 
209. 
210. 

211. 

212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 

216. 


217. 
218. 
219. 


Commercial  Fertilizer.  (June, 
1907.) 

The  Brown  Rot  of  the  Lemon. 

California   Peach   Blight. 

Insects  Injurious  to  the  Vine  in 
California. 

The  Best  Wine  Grapes  for  Cali- 
fornia ;  Pruning  Young  Vines  ; 
Pruning  the  Sultanina. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Dec, 
1907.) 

The  California  Grape  Root-worm. 

Grape  Culture  in  California ; 
Improved  Methods  of  Wine- 
making  ;  Yeast  from  California 
Grapes. 

The  Grape  Leaf-Hopper. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis. 

Gum  Diseases  of  Citrus  Tres  in 
California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June, 
1908.) 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (De- 
cember,   1908.) 

Report  of  the  Plant  Pathologist 
to  July  1,   1909.) 

The  Dairy  Cow's  Record  and  the 
Stable. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (De- 
cember,   1909.) 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June, 
1910.) 

The  Control  of  the  Argentine  Ant. 

The  Late  Blight  of  Celery. 

The   Cream   Supply. 

Imperial  Valley  Settlers'  Crop 
Manual. 

How  to  Increase  the  Yield  of 
Wheat  in  California. 

California  White  Wheats. 

The    Principles   of   Wine-making. 

Citrus  Fruit  Insects. 

The  Housefly  in  its  Relation  to 
Public  Health. 

A  Progress  Report  upon  Soil  and 
Climatic  Factors  influencing 
the  Composition  of  Wheat 

Honey  Plants  of  California. 

California  Plant  Diseases. 

Report  of  Live  Stock  Conditions 
in  Imperial  County,  Cal. 


CIRCULARS. 


No.    1. 

5. 

7. 

9. 
11. 
12. 
15. 

19. 
29. 


30. 
3  2. 
33. 

36. 

39. 

46. 

48. 

49. 
50. 


Texas    Fever. 

Contagious  Abortion  in  Cows. 

Remedies  for  Insects. 

Asparagus    Rust. 

Fumigation  Practice. 

Silk  Culture. 

Recent  Problems  in  Agriculture. 
What  a  University  Farm  is  For. 

Disinfection  of  Stables. 

Preliminary  Announcement  Con- 
cerning Instruction  in  Practical 
Agriculture  upon  the  University 
Farm,  Davis,  Cal. 

White  Fly  in  California. 

White   Fly   Eradication. 

Packing  Prunes  in  Cans.  Cane 
Sugar  vs.  Beet  Sugar. 

Analyses  of  Fertilizers  for  Con- 
sumers. 

Instruction  in  Practical  Agricul- 
ture at  the  University  Farm. 

Suggestions  for  Garden  Work  in 
California  Schools. 

Butter    Scoring   Contest,    1909. 

Insecticides. 

Fumigation    Scheduling. 


No.   52.  Information  for  Students  Concern- 
ing the  College  of  Agriculture. 

54.  Some     Creamery     Problems     and 

Tests. 

55.  Farmers'  Institutes  and  University 

Extension    in    Agriculture. 

58.  Experiments  with  Plants  and  Soils 

in      Laboratory,      Garden,      and 
Field. 

59.  Tree      Growing      in      the      Public 

Schools. 

60.  Butter  Scoring  Contest,  1910. 

61.  University  Farm  School. 

62.  The  School  Garden  in  the  Course 

of  Study. 

63.  How     to     Make     an     Observation 

Hive. 

64.  Announcement  of  Farmers'   Short 

Courses  for  1911. 

65.  California  Insecticide  Law. 

66.  Insecticides  and  Insect  Control. 

67.  Development  of  Secondary  School 

Agriculture  in  California. 

68.  The  Prevention  of  Hog  Cholera. 

69.  The    Extermination    of    Morning- 

glory. 

70.  Observations    on    Status    of   Corn- 

growing  in  California. 


